List of countries by central bank interest rates

1 Zimbabwe 975.00 31 December 2007
2 Venezuela 28.50 31 December 2007
3 Sao Tome and Principe 28.00 31 December 2007
4 Turkey 6.75 31 December 2010
5 Guinea 22.25 31 December 2005
6 Paraguay 20.00 31 December 2007
7 Angola 19.57 31 December 2007
8 Costa Rica 17.00 31 December 2007
9 Tanzania 16.40 31 December 2007
10 Iceland 15.25 31 December 2007
11 Iraq 15.00 31 December 2008
12 Malawi 15.00 31 December 2007
13 Pakistan 15.00 31 November 2008
14 Uganda 14.68 31 December 2007
15 Botswana 14.50 31 December 2007
16 Ghana 13.50 31 December 2007
17 Tajikistan 13.50 30 September 2008
18 Maldives 13.00 31 December 2008
19 Russia 8.75 14 February 2010
20 Lesotho 12.82 31 December 2007
21 Laos 12.67 31 December 2007
22 Rwanda 12.50 31 December 2007
23 Barbados 12.00 31 December 2007
24 Belize 12.00 31 December 2007
25 Burma 12.00 31 December 2007
25 Lebanon 12.00 31 December 2007
27 Sri Lanka 11.75 12 February 2009
28 Zambia 11.73 31 December 2007
39 Kazakhstan 11.00 31 December 2007
30 Swaziland 11.00 31 December 2007
31 South Africa 11.00 31 December 2007
32 Ecuador 10.72 31 December 2007
33 Namibia 10.50 31 December 2007
34 Burundi 10.12 31 December 2007
35 Belarus 10.00 31 December 2007
36 Uruguay 10.00 February 2009
37 Gambia 10.00 31 December 2007
38 Mozambique 9.95 31 December 2007
39 Mongolia 9.75 31 December 2008
40 Serbia 9.57 31 December 2007
41 Colombia 9.50 31 December 2008
42 Hungary 9.50 1 January 2009
43 Nigeria 9.50 31 December 2007
44 Fiji 9.25 31 December 2007
45 Brazil 8.75 22 July 2009
46 Indonesia 7.00 4 June 2009
47 Egypt 9.00 31 December 2007
48 Croatia 9.00 31 December 2008
49 Cape Verde 8.50 31 December 2007
50 New Zealand 8.25 31 December 2007
51 Azerbaijan 8.00 31 December 2008
52 Ukraine 8.00 31 December 2007
53 Georgia 8.00 25 December 2008
54 Papua New Guinea 7.38 31 December 2007
55 Armenia 7.25 2 December 2008
56 Trinidad and Tobago 6.94 31 December 2008
57 Antigua and Barbuda 6.50 31 December 2007
58 Bolivia 6.50 31 December 2007
59 Vietnam 6.50 31 December 2007
60 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6.50 31 December 2007
61 Saint Lucia 6.50 31 December 2007
62 Saint Kitts and Nevis 6.50 31 December 2007
63 Peru 6.50 December 2008
64 Nepal 6.50 31 December 2008
65 Macedonia 6.50 31 December 2007
— Montserrat 6.50 31 December 2007
66 Guyana 6.50 31 December 2007
67 Grenada 6.50 31 December 2007
68 Dominica 6.50 31 December 2007
— Anguilla 6.50 31 December 2007
69 Albania 6.25 31 December 2007
70 Jordan 6.25 31 December 2008
71 Kuwait 6.25 31 December 2007
72 Chile 6.00 31 December 2007
73 Latvia 6.00 31 December 2007
74 Philippines 6.00 31 December 2008
75 Vanuatu 6.00 31 December 2007
75 Iran 12.5 01 June 2011[4]
76 Bulgaria 5.77 31 December 2008
77 India 5.75 [1] 31 August 2010
78 Comoros 5.36 31 December 2007
79 Bahamas 5.25 31 December 2007
80 Cambodia 5.25 31 December 2007
81 Chad 5.25 31 December 2007
82 Gabon 5.25 31 December 2007
83 Equatorial Guinea 5.25 31 December 2007
84 Central African Republic 5.25 31 December 2007
85 Democratic Republic of the Congo 5.25 31 December 2007
86 Seychelles 5.13 31 December 2007
— Aruba 5.00 31 December 2007
87 Bangladesh 5.00 31 December 2007
88 Cyprus 5.00 31 December 2007
89 Poland 5.00 31 December 2007
90 Lithuania 4.85 31 December 2007
91 Benin 4.25 31 December 2007
92 Burkina Faso 4.25 31 December 2007
93 Togo 4.25 31 December 2007
94 Senegal 4.25 31 December 2007
95 Guinea-Bissau 4.25 31 December 2007
96 Niger 4.25 31 December 2007
97 Mali 4.25 31 December 2007
98 Cote d'Ivoire 4.25 31 December 2007
99 Algeria 4.00 31 December 2007
100 Denmark 1.25 25 September 2009
101 Slovakia 4.00 February 2009
— European Union 1.00 May 2009
102 Libya 4.00 31 December 2007
103 Canada 0.50 April 2009
104 Sweden 0.25 28 October 2009
105 Israel 3.25 May 2011
107 Morocco 3.25 31 December 2007
108 China 3.06 17 December 2007
109 South Korea 3.00 31 December 2008
110 Norway 1.50 2st quarter 2009
111 Saudi Arabia 2.50 31 December 2008
112 Switzerland 2.05 31 December 2007
113 Thailand 2.00 14 January 2009
114 Oman 1.98 31 December 2007
115 Taiwan 1.50 January 2009
116 Czech Republic 1.25 31 December 2008
— Hong Kong 0.50 31 December 2008
117 United States 0.50 31 March 2009
118 United Kingdom 0.50 March 2009
119 Japan 0.10 19 December 2008

AXA

AXA S.A. is a French global insurance group headquartered in the 8th arrondissement of Paris. AXA is a conglomerate of independently run businesses, operated according to the laws and regulations of many different countries. The AXA group of companies engage in life, health and other forms of insurance, as well as investment management. The group operates primarily in Western Europe, North America and the Asia Pacific region and the Middle East.

The AXA Group encompasses five operating business segments: Life & Savings, Property & Casualty, International Insurance (including reinsurance), Asset Management and Other Financial Services. It ranks as the 9th largest company in the world (based on revenue) on the 2010 Fortune Global 500 list.[2]

Contents [hide]

1 History

2 The AXA name

3 Operations

3.1 In the United Kingdom

3.1.1 AXA Sun Life

3.2 On the Isle of Man

3.3 AXA Schengen

3.4 In Canada

3.5 In the United States

3.6 In Mexico

3.7 In Asia Pacific

4 Capital Ownership

5 Head office

6 Philantropic initiatives

7 See also

8 References

9 External links

[edit]History

The company was originally founded in 1816 as Mutuelle de L'assurance contre L'incendie (the Ancienne Mutuelle).[3] It acquired Compagnie Parisienne de Garantie in 1978 and became Mutuelles Unies.[4] It went on to buy the Drouot Group in 1982, at which time it adopted the AXA name.[4] The takeover of The Equitable, a well-known American insurer, came in 1991.[4] It bought Union des Assurances De Paris (UAP), France's largest insurer, in 1996 becoming AXA-UAP for a while before reverting to the name AXA in 1999.[5] Then in February 1999 AXA acquired Guardian Royal Exchange.[6] In May 2000 AXA acquired all shares it did not already own in Sun Life & Provincial Holdings.[7] On 14 June 2006 AXA acquired the leading Swiss insurance company Winterthur Group from Credit Suisse for approximately €9 billion.[8]

[edit]The AXA name

Despite being written in upper case, "AXA" is not an acronym, but was chosen because its name can be pronounced easily by people who speak any language. After acquiring the Drouot Group in 1982, the company hired an outside consultant to conduct a computer-aided search for a new name. The selection criteria consisted of a short and snappy name to convey vitality, a name that begins with the letter A so that it would appear near the top of all lists, and something that could be pronounced easily in every language, consistent with the group's desire for an international presence. In 1985, Chairman and CEO Claude Bébéar chose the name AXA.[9]

Axa Group global locations

[edit]Operations

[edit]In the United Kingdom

AXA trades in the United Kingdom as AXA Sun Life, AXA Insurance, AXA Investment Managers and AXA PPP Healthcare. AXA PPP Healthcare was created when AXA bought Guardian Royal Exchange (GRE), though it subsequently sold the other parts of GRE to Aegon. The company also owns the online insurer Swiftcover, dental payment plan provider Denplan, distribution business Bluefin and fund manager Architas. In January 2007 AXA was reorganised into "strategic business units" (SBU's) aimed at competing within their specific markets.

AXA run its investment branch through AXA Investment Managers (IM) which is headed by John Cook.

[edit]AXA Sun Life

AXA Sun Life was created following the merger between AXA Equity & Law and Sun Life Assurance Society PLC. In 2006 Winterthur Life in the UK was absorbed although AXA continue to use the Winterthur brand for high net worth wealth management business. The business units are:[10]

AXA Wealth – This includes AXA + Winterthur's Bonds + Individual Pensions, AXA Distribution Services who offer the Elevate wrap platform and Architas.

Corporate Business – AXA + Winterthur's Group Pensions. AXA intend to create a "Market Leading" group pension proposition using Winterthur's 'Embassy' IT platform.

Protection – This business aims to market AXA's Protection Account as AXA continues to build on its presence in this area with the intention of becoming a leading protection provider.

Traditional Business – Concentrating on policies which are still in force but no longer actively marketed.

Sunlife Direct – This business focues solely on selling protection & savings products directly to those in the UK.

Bancassurance – This business is responsible for an advisory and sales force that sell AXAs products and propositions.

AXA sold AXA Sun Life Holdings Ltd to Resolution Limited in autumn 2010.[11][12]

[edit]On the Isle of Man

AXA Isle of Man Limited was originally created as a subsidiary of AXA Sun Life in the United Kingdom, but since the Isle of Man is not a part of the United Kingdom it is regulated instead by the laws of the Isle of Man. AXA Isle of Man Limited advertises itself as a repository for citizens of the United Kingdom and the Channel Islands who seek to shelter their assets from high taxation.

While the company trades upon the AXA logo, name and group advertising which promotes the total wealth of the group, the assets of the Isle of Man company are limited to those of the Isle of Man company itself.

[edit]AXA Schengen

AXA Schengen Travel Insurance provides insurance to travelers who need a visa to enter the Schengen Area.

[edit]In Canada

AXA Canada offers insurance services through a network of affiliates operating in the different Canadian regions such as Québec, Ontario, Western Canada and Atlantic Canada. In 2009, the company had a total of approximately 2,300 employees and 4000 brokers and advisors. The head office is in Montréal, Quebec.

[edit]In the United States

The American arm of AXA is AXA Equitable. AXA Equitable consists of many subsidiaries; AXA Advisors, LLC, AXA Network, AXA Equitable Life Insurance, Mutual of New York (MONY), US Financial Life, and AllianceBernstein.

On December 15 of 2006, AXA Advisors, LLC entered into agreements with LPL (Linsco Private Ledger), the country's largest independent broker-dealer. LPL agreed to provide brokerage, clearing and custody services on a fully disclosed basis. The terms of the agreements are five years, subject to additional 24-month extensions. Services are expected to begin in August 2007.

[edit]In Mexico

In July 2008, AXA acquired ING Insurance Mexico, they are offering essentially the same services that ING offered. The Chairman in Mexico is Xavier de Bellefon.

[edit]In Asia Pacific

AXA Life Insurance operated in the Asia Pacific region as 'AXA Asia Pacific Holdings Ltd. (AXA APH) which is the former National Mutual Life Association of Australasia founded by actuary John Montgomery Templeton The AXA Collection and was listed on the Australian Securities Exchange. The head office of AXA APH was located in Melbourne, Australia, and there was a major regional office in Hong Kong. AMP acquired AXA Asia Pacific in 2011; it retained AXA APH's Australia and New Zealand operations, and sold the Asia operations to AXA.

AXA Asia - Based in Hong Kong, the AXA Asia Regional Office is responsible for supporting the Group's existing operations in Hong Kong, China and South East Asia, propelling its perpetual growth, and looking for new markets and business development opportunities for AXA in Asia.[13]

AXA General Insurance operates in the Asia Pacific region as AXA Asia P&C. The head-office of AXA Asia P&C is located in Singapore.

AXA head office in Paris

AXA has entered the Indian market through Bharti Enterprises as a joint venture. AXA has three ventures in India, Bharti AXA Life Insurance Company Ltd, Bharti AXA General Insurance Co. Ltd. and Bharti AXA investment Managers, and is also present in fusion with OYAK, as AXA OYAK, in the Turkish market since 1999.

The Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company of the Philippines subsequently entered into joint ventures with corporation the National Mutual Holdings Ltd. of Australia to create Philippine AXA Life Insurance Corporation.

[edit]Capital Ownership

U.S.A. 18.8%

France 16.5%

United Kingdom 11.5%

AXA Employees 6.5%

BNP Paribas 5.4%

Edward L. Skyward 5.1%

Sumitomo Mitsui 4.0%

Qatar Investment Authority 3.8%

Capital Ownership at December 31, 2010[14]

[edit]Head office

The head office of AXA is located in the 8th arrondissement of Paris.[15] AXA, which already owned 23 Avenue Matignon, acquired the former Hotel de La Vaupalière, an 18th century building, in the late 1990s. Architect Ricardo Bofill integrated the facade of the hotel with a modern glass building that covers the courtyard that the hotel also occupies. The complex serves as AXA's head office.[16]

[edit]Philantropic initiatives

Besides its artistic and social philanthropic initiatives (AXA Heart in action), AXA created the AXA Research Fund in 2008. Endowed with € 100 millions, it provides support for research focused on understanding and preventing the risks threatening the environment, human life and our societies.

256 basic-research projects were funded within three years, including 230 young researchers, PhDs or in postdoctoral year, working in laboratories all around the world. In addition to this support, AXA gathers every year the young fellows to meet a world-class researcher, exchange best practices and network, above any education or discipline.

The Fund has also awarded 11 endowments for several million euros supporting research institutions of excellence ( HEC Paris, NUS, University of Bristol, LSE, MetOffice, INSERM, IHES...). These Research and Education Chairs intend to attract the best scientists. For example, the AXA - Polytechnique Chair in Cellular Cardiovascular Engineering, held by Abdul Barakat, aims to promote research on cardiovascular diseases, but also to train and develop young researchers through extended educational programs.

The 256 research projects funded as of today are implemented in 22 countries with researchers of 42 different nationalities. The Scientific Board is chaired by Ezra Suleiman and composed of eminent members of the academic world and AXA Group representatives.

Website and list of supported projects: www.axa-research.org.

See also: Science;Fundamental science; Funding of science;Pascale Cossart, member of the Scientific Board; José Scheinkman, member of the Scientific Board; James Vaupel, member of the Scientific Board; Brian Hoskins, member of the Scientific Board; AXA website

Allianz

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As of 2010, it was the world's 12th-largest financial services group and 23rd-largest company according to a composite measure by Forbes magazine.[3]
Its Allianz Global Investors division ranks as a top-five global active investment manager, having €1,443 billion of assets under management (AuM), of which €1,131 billion are third-party assets (as of 2010-09-30), with specialized asset managers such as PIMCO (Bond fund), RCM (Equity fund), Degi (Real estate fund), etc.
Allianz sold Dresdner Bank to Commerzbank in November 2008.[4] As a result of this merger, Allianz gained a 14% controlling stake in the new Commerzbank Group.
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 General
1.2 Controversy
2 Recent Management
3 Australia
4 Belgium
5 Canada
6 India
7 Slovakia
8 United Kingdom
9 United States
10 Sports
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
[edit]History

[edit]General
Allianz AG was founded in Berlin on 5th February 1890 by Carl von Thieme (a native of Erfurt, whose father was the director of Thuringia) and Wilhelm von Finck (co-owner of the Merck Finck & Co bank). Allianz shifted its headquarters to Munich in 1949. The first step to become an international company started with the opening of a branch office in London in the late 19th century. After World War II, global business activities were gradually resumed. Allianz opened an office in Paris in the late 1950s, and a management office for Italy in the 1960s. These expansions were followed in the 1970s by the establishment of business in Great Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, Brazil and the United States. In 1986, Allianz acquired Cornhill Insurance PLC, London, and the purchase of a stake in Riunione Adriatica di Sicurità (RAS), Milan, strengthened its presence in Western and Southern Europe in the 1980s. Recently, on February 8, 2006, RAS Shareholders approved the mergers with Allianz. In 1990, Allianz started an expansion into eight Eastern European countries with establishing a presence in Hungary. In the same decade, Allianz also acquired Fireman’s Fund, an insurer in the United States, which was followed by the purchase of Assurances Generales de France (AGF), Paris. These acquisitions were followed by the expansion into Asia with several joint ventures and acquisitions in China and South Korea. Around this time Allianz expanded its asset management business as well by purchasing for example asset management companies in California.
In 2001, Allianz acquired Dresdner Bank, a large German bank. Allianz Group and Dresdner Bank combined their asset management activities by forming Allianz Global Investors. In 2002 Michael Diekmann succeeded Henning Schulte-Noelle as CEO of Allianz AG. The Allianz Group was reincorporated under a European Company Statute and, as a result of the cross-border merger with RAS, Allianz converted into a European Company (SE - Societas Europaea) on October 13, 2006. The Allianz Group also simplified its brand strategy from 2006 and their previous emblem was replaced by the current word-picture brand.[5]
On 31. August 2008, Allianz announced that it would sell its lossmaking unit Dresdner Bank to Commerzbank for a total of 8.8 Bn Euro. Targeted date for the full sale was 2nd term 2009. After renegotiations it was announced in November 2008 that Commerzbank would acquire the 100% ownership of Dresdner Bank earlier (12 January 2009). The sale price was lowered to 5.5 Bn Euro. Shortly after this transaction completed, Commerzbank had to be partially be nationalized by the German government to prevent it from bankruptcy. Allianz is currently keeping around 14% of Commerzbank Shares. The venture into the German banking space is said to have cost the insurance giant about 30-35 Bn Euro.
Allianz is now present in more than 70 countries with over 180,000 employees. At the top of the international group is the holding company, Allianz SE, with its head office in Munich. Allianz Group provides its more than 60 million customers worldwide with a comprehensive range of services in the areas of
• property and casualty insurance,
• life and health insurance,
• asset management and banking.
[edit]Controversy

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Henning Schulte-Noelle was the first CEO of Allianz who took up the history with the Third Reich when he commissioned an Archive for Corporate History in 1993, which was opened in 1996. In 1997 Schulte-Noelle asked Gerald D. Feldman, historian from the University of California-Berkeley, if he would undertake a larger research project on Allianz's past involvement with the Third Reich. Feldman started the research in 1998 with a team of young historians. A few month later, Jewish World War II survivors and their descendants took Allianz and other European insurance companies to court, accusing them of unpaid insurance policies. Allianz and four other insurers supported the creation of the "International Commission on Holocaust Era Insurance Claims" (ICHEIC). Furthermore, Allianz became a founding member of the German Foundation "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future". Both organizations took care of payments for the victims. Feldman published the comprehensive results of his research in September 2001. Based on these results Allianz established an exhibition in the Archive for Corporate History and on the Internet.
The research concluded that Allianz, as an organization and through its corporate officers, was forced to comply with the Nazi Regime and the Third Reich, starting as early as the early 1930s and continuing all the way through to the collapse of the Third Reich.
Among the more notable examples:
Allianz managers held senior positions in the administration of national socialist Germany. Kurt Schmitt, director general of Allianz until 1933, was Hitler’s Reich Economics Minister from June 1933 until January 1935. He became a member of both the Nazi Party and the SS in 1933. Eduard Hilgard, member of the board of Allianz, became head of the "Reich Group for Insurance" in 1934. He represented the insurance industry in a conference summoned by Hermann Göring after the November Pogrom of 1938. Hilgard reported on the material damages caused during the Kristallnacht Pogrom and the estimated amounts of money insurance companies had to cover.
Feldman summarized his findings stating: "It was just one more piece of business in the Third Reich, but it demonstrated that such pieces on any large scale made contact at some point with all that is represented by the name “Auschwitz” – from slave labor to extermination – virtually inescapable.“[6]
[edit]Recent Management

CEOs to date:
2003 — Present : Michael Diekmann
1991 — 2003: Henning Schulte-Noelle
[edit]Australia



Allianz around the world
Allianz Australia Limited (ABN 21 000 006 226) operates throughout Australia and New Zealand and through its subsidiaries offers a range of insurance and risk management products and services. Subsidiaries of Allianz Australia include Club Marine, Allianz Life and Hunter Premium Funding.
[edit]Belgium

Allianz operates through Allianz Belgium, previously AGF Belgium which has been re-branded to Allianz Belgium on the 29 November 2007.
[edit]Canada

Allianz put a sudden halt to its Canadian P&C operation Allianz Canada (market share 2%) in 2004 after several years of unfavorable business results. Allianz originally entered the Canadian market in the early 1990s through an acquisition of several North American insurers, namely the American Firemans Fund and the Canadian Surety. Upon the market exit the personal and commercial lines unit was sold off to the market leader ING Canada, whereas its industrial underwriting branch was bought by Allianz US, which has retained the Toronto office.
[edit]India

In India Bajaj Allianz General Insurance Company Limited is a joint venture between Bajaj Finserv Limited (recently demerged from Bajaj Auto Limited) and Allianz SE.
Bajaj allianz is one of the fastest growing private life insurance company in india.This has more than 1200 branches across country and deals in primarily unitlinked,traditional,health,child and pension policies.
Also, Allianz Cornhill Information Services (ACIS) is a captive offshore facility of Allianz Insurance plc, operating from the Technopark in Thiruvananthapuram(Trivandrum), offering both IT and ITES services. ACIS is a CMMI Level 5 company providing world-class Application Development and Maintenance services to Allianz Insurance in the UK and some other Allianz companies. ACIS is also a pioneer of the ITeS industry in Kerala and is ISO 9001-2000 certified for its Business Process Operations.
[edit]Slovakia



Allianz - Slovenská poisťovňa headquarters, Bratislava
Allianz started its life and Property & Casualty (P&C) operation in Slovakia in 1993 but the local subsidiary was never able to achieve a relevant market share. In 2001 Allianz AG bought the majority ownership in then state-owned Slovenská poisťovňa (SP, Slovak Insurance Company), at the time suffering from political mismanagement, asset-stripping and deep under-reserving. SP however held a market share of well over 50%, which had made it an attractive privatization target, where Allianz had to compete with such insurers as AXA or Aegon. Upon the purchase the local Allianz operation was merged with SP creating a new company Allianz - Slovenská poisťovňa. Its combined market share (life and P&C) presently stands at just below 40% (about 50% in P&C business), still making it by far the market leader.
[edit]United Kingdom

Allianz owns British insurance company Cornhill Insurance plc, subsequently renamed Allianz Cornhill Insurance plc. This then simply became Allianz Insurance plc on 30 April 2007 to directly reflect its continental parentage. Their IT captive unit in India Allianz Cornhill Information Services plc is located at Technopark, Trivandrum in Kerala.
Allianz owned Kleinwort Benson which it inherited when it bought Dresdner Bank. The investment bank has subsequently been merged with the corporate bank of Dresdner Bank and rebranded as Dresdner Kleinwort. It also owns the High Net Worth insurance broker Home and Legacy.bajaj allianj has more than 1200 branches across country and deals in primarily unitlinked,traditionl,health,child and pension policies.bajaj allianz is one of the fastest growing private life insurance company in india.
[edit]United States

Allianz has a growing prevalence within the United States, notably Allianz Life Insurance Company of North America and Firemen's Fund. Allianz Life Insurance Company of North America employs close to 2000 employees. Allianz also owns Pacific Investment Management Company, commonly called PIMCO.
[edit]Sports

Allianz provided naming rights for the Allianz Arena, a football stadium in the north of Munich, Germany, which is sponsored by Allianz. The two professional Munich football clubs Bayern Munich and TSV 1860 München have played their home games at Allianz Arena since the start of the 2005–06 season. Both clubs had previously played their home games at the Munich Olympic Stadium; Bayern Munich since 1972 and 1860 München since the 1990s.
Allianz owned the Polish football team Gornik Zabrze till April 2011 when has sold shares in controversial way.
Allianz had been in negotiations with the New York Jets and the Giants to buy naming rights to the New Meadowlands Stadium in East Rutherford, NJ, but those talks ended due to opposition from Jewish groups and holocaust survivors.[7]
Allianz has been involved in Formula One since 2000, firstly as a sponsor of the AT&T WilliamsF1 Team, and since 2011 as a sponsor of the Mercedes GP Petronas team.
In early 2009, Allianz signed an agreement to become the Global Partner of the St. Andrews Links Trust.