Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. or Petrobras is a semi-public[4] Brazilian multinational energy corporation headquartered in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Petrobras is the largest company in Latin America by market capitalization and revenue, and the largest company headquartered in the Southern Hemisphere by market value.[5][6][7] The company was founded in 1953. While the company ceased to be Brazil's legal monopolist in the oil industry in 1997, it remains a significant oil producer, with output of more than 2 million barrels of oil equivalent per day, as well as a major distributor of oil products.
The company also owns oil refineries and oil tankers. Petrobras is a world leader in development of advanced technology from deep-water and ultra-deep water oil production.[citation needed]
In September 2010 Petrobras conducted the largest share sale in history, when US$72.8 billion worth of shares in the company were sold on the BM&F Bovespa stock exchange.[8][9] Upon the sale Petrobras immediately became the fourth-largest company in the world measured by market capitalisation, and the event was described by the then Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva as "Never in human history ...".[9][10][11]
Contents [hide]
1 Overview
2 History
2.1 Chronology
2.2 Bolivian controversy
3 Business[24]
3.1 Competition
3.1.1 Comparison with world-wide companies
3.2 Growth
3.3 Oil reserves
4 Profitability
4.1 Investment grade
4.2 Devaluation
5 Milestones
6 List of recent oil field discoveries
6.1 Mega-fields
6.1.1 Criticisms
7 Reputation
8 Global operations
8.1 Offices
9 Petrobras in New Zealand
10 Petrobras in popular culture
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
[edit]Overview
Headquarters of Petrobras in downtown Rio de Janeiro
Petrobras controls significant oil and energy assets in 18 countries in Africa, North America, South America, Europe and Asia. These holdings as well as properties in Brazil give it total assets of $133.5 billion (2008).
Petrobras is Latin America's largest company, thanks to 2008 sales of $118.3 billion, according to a ranking from Latin Business Chronicle over Latin America's Top 500 Companies.
The Brazilian government directly owns 54% of Petrobras' common shares with voting rights, while the Brazilian Development Bank and Brazil's Sovereign Wealth Fund (Fundo Soberano) each control 5%, bringing the State's direct and indirect ownership to 64%.[12] The privately held shares are traded on BM&F Bovespa, where they are part of the Ibovespa index.
Petrobras began the processing of oil shale in 1953 by developing Petrosix technology for extracting oil from oil shale. The pilot plant started in 1982 and the commercial production started in 1992. At present, the company operates two retorts, the largest of which processes 260 tonnes/hour of oil shale.
Petrobras operated the world's largest oil platform — the Petrobras 36 Oil Platform - until an explosion on 15 March 2001 led to its sinking on 20 March 2001. In 2007, Petrobras inaugurated the Petrobras 52 Oil Platform, replacing the 36. The 52 is the biggest Brazilian oil platform and third in the world.[13]
Petrobras is also recognized as the largest sponsor of arts, culture, and environmental protection in Brazil. Among the environmental initiatives, Petrobras is the main supporter of whale conservation and research through the Brazilian Right Whale Project[14] and the Instituto Baleia Jubarte (Brazilian Humpback Whale Institute).[15] Petrobras has been a sponsor of the Williams Formula-1 team. The company employs the H-Bio process to produce biodiesel.[16]
According to Forbes, as of April 2011, Petrobras is the 8th largest company in the world.[17]
[edit]History
Petrobras standard model for its land oil pump, popularly known as Wooden Horse (Cavalo de Pau in Portuguese) in UFRN, Natal, Brazil.
Petrobras was created in 1953 during the government of Brazilian president Getúlio Vargas, with the support of allies and the opposition alike in Congress.
Petrobras commenced its activities with the collection it inherited from the old National Oil Council (Conselho Nacional do Petróleo, CNP), which, however, preserved its inspection function for the sector.
The oil exploration and production operations, as well as the remaining activities connected to the oil, natural gas, and derivative sector, except for wholesale distribution and retail via service stations, were a monopoly Petrobras held from 1954 to 1997. During this period, Petrobras became the leader in derivative marketing in Brazil, and, thanks to the company’s performance, it was awarded the Offshore Technology Conference (OTC) in 1992, one which it was granted again in 2001.[18]
After 40 years of exploration, production, refining and transportation of Brazil's oil, Petrobras started to compete with other foreign and domestic companies in 1997. The Brazilian government created the National Petroleum Agency (Agência Nacional do Petróleo, ANP), responsible for the regulation and supervision of activities in the petroleum industry, and the National Council of Energy Policies, a public agency responsible for the development of public energy policy.
In 2003, commemorating its 50 years, Petrobras doubled its daily production of oil and natural gas, surpassing the mark of 2 million barrels.
On 21 April 2006, Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva started production on the P-50 oil platform, in the Albacora East Field at Campos Basin, which gave Brazil self-sufficiency in oil production.[19]
In 2009, Petrobras announced a market capitalization plan to finance its future investments in ultra-deep oil exploration. The share offering in the BM&F Bovespa Stock Exchange took place in September 2010, becoming the largest market capitalization in history, with R$ 120,4 billion (US$ 69,97 billion) in shares issued.[20]
[edit]Chronology
Russian President Dmitry Medvedev with the Petrobras president in Rio de Janeiro in November 2008.
1953: The company is created by president Getúlio Vargas.
1954-1961: The company faced opposition by the government.
1961: A report released by the government reveals pessimistic news about oil prospects in the country's terrains.
1963: Creation of Petrobras research center Cenpes.
1973: The company's short period of growth was met by the first oil crisis. The crisis affected the country as a whole, as the "Brazilian miracle", fast growth in the national economy, came to a halt. The company itself almost faced bankruptcy.
1974: Petrobras discovered a huge oil field in Bacia de Campos, which oil reserves raise the company's finances, "resurrecting" its operations nationwide.
1975: The company signed "risk contracts" of partnership with private oil companies to intensify the search for new oil fields and to consolidate its influences in the country.
1979: Petrobras was affected by second oil crisis, but the effect was not as strong as it had been in the crisis of 1973.
Skyscraper hosting Petrobras' offices in Avenida Paulista, São Paulo.
1997: The government approved Law N. 9.478, essentially breaking the company's monopoly in Brazil and allowing competitors to develop the country's oil fields. Petrobras also reached the mark of producing one million barrels per day. The company executed agreements with other Latin American governments and began operations outside of Brazilian domains.
2000: The company reached the world record of oil exploration in deep waters, at 1,877 meters below sea level.
2001: An accident occurred at the P-36 Platform, which was the world's biggest oil platform. The platform, owing to technical failures, sank on 20 March with about 1500 tons of oil.
2003: The company acquired Argentina's largest oil company Perez Companc Energía (PECOM Energía S.A.), and its operational bases in Bolivia, Peru and Paraguay.
2006: Petrobras achieved Brazilian self-sufficiency in oil.
2007: The company recorded its highest earnings ever, with more than US$13 billion of profit. The company announced the discovery of the giant gas field "Jupiter", in Santos. Value of the company's shares increased by about 106%, from February to December.
2008: The company discovered what could be the world's third largest oil field. The actual reserves are yet to be verified, however.
2009: Petrobras acquired Esso's distribution business in Chile.
2010: Petrobras raises US$70 billion in largest share offering ever, as it seeks to explore and produce Brazil's massive offshore oil reserves.[21]
[edit]Bolivian controversy
On May 2006, Bolivia's president Evo Morales announced the nationalization of all gas and oil fields in the country. Evo Morales ordered the occupation of all fields by the Bolivian Army. Petrobras was heavily affected by the nationalization. At the time, the company's Bolivian subsidiary had great importance in the country's economy[22]:
Petrobras represented 24% of the Bolivian industrial taxes, 18% of the country's GDP and 20% of the foreign investments.
The company operated in 46% of the oil reserves in Bolivia and was responsible for 75% of the country's gas exports to Brazil.
The company invested, between 1994 and 2005, US$1.5 billion in the Bolivian economy.
The nationalization strained the relationship between Petrobras and the Bolivian government. On October 28, 2006, after a long negotiation, Petrobras and Bolivia signed an agreement, whereby the company would take 18% of the profits, and the Bolivian government would take the remainder.[23]
[edit]Business[24]
Petrobras' most important assets are petroleum reserves in Brazil. Its oil field in the Campos Basin accounts more than 80% of the Brazilian oil production. The company also works on developing the "green energy", including biodiesel fuel. Petrobras recently opened its business to the ethanol fuel, facing great competition against the North American ethanol. However, investment in biofuels will represent only 1% of the company's profit between 2008 and 2012.[25]
Petrobras is involved in the following areas of business:
Domestic sales: Domestic sales represent the majority of the company's profit and include the extraction and distribution of oil, natural gas, derivatives, electricity and petrochemical products;
Petrobras' financial growth between 2002 and 2006
Export: The main exports are not of oil extraction itself, but are related to mechanic technologies. However, it is planned that the company starts to export oil in large quantities when it begins to explore the Jupiter and the Tupi fields (see "List of recent oil field discoveries");
Foreign exchange gains: The company imports natural gas from other South American countries, mostly from Bolivia. According to the Brazilian group National Petroleum Agency, Petrobras owns Brazil's largest and most important gas pipe network, having a near monopoly of the natural gas marketed in the country.
Petrobras works extensively with foreign acquisitions too, buying and controlling some of the most important energy companies in South America and exploring huge deep-water fields of West Africa and the Gulf of Mexico. Petrobras is known for its technology in deep-water exploration. The Tupi field, which could be the world's third largest oil field (although data is still unverified), is a deep-water discovery, located in the pre-salt layer.[clarification needed]
The company began to increase profits from 2002, with the government's heavy investments. In the first quarter of 2008, Petrobras reached the market value of US$295.6 billion, surpassing Microsoft (US$274 billion) and becoming America's third largest company, ahead of giant oil companies such as BP and Chevron-Texaco, and only behind of ExxonMobil and General Electric. Petrobras' market value is also bigger than Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (US$289.3 billion), making it the sixth biggest company by market value in the world.
[edit]Competition
[edit]Comparison with world-wide companies
Company Reserves (MM boe)[clarification needed] Current Years of Production Oil & Gas Production (1000s boe/d[clarification needed]) 2006 Oil & Gas Production Growth (%) 2006
Petrobras 11,457 14.2 2,287 4.5
BP 17,368 10.4 3,926 -1.9
ChevronTexaco 11,020 10.9 2,667 6.1
ExxonMobil 21,518 11.3 4,238 3.8
Royal Dutch Shell 11,108 6.7 3,474 -1.0
[edit]Growth
Rising prices: the company profited from rising oil prices in 2007-2008.
Increasing demand: oil demand has increased drastically in the emergent countries, for which Petrobras exports its technologies. The BRIC countries' (Brazil itself, Russia, India and China) growth explains this huge demand. The Brazilian self-sufficiency in Petroleum (as of May 2006) allowed the company to export small quantities of oil.
Political issues: despite of being nearly half privately owned, the majority of shares belong to the Brazilian government, which gives it control of the company's finances and operations. The recent growth of the company is explained by political stability. Since 1997 the Brazilian oil market was opened to foreign investments, but Petrobras continues to be the largest oil company in the country, enjoying a near monopoly.
[edit]Oil reserves
At the 20th National Forum, it was revealed that Petrobras, with 11.7 billion barrels of oil, has the fourth biggest oil reserves among petrochemical companies with publicly traded shares. The figure does not include the recent discoveries in the mega-fields of Tupi, Jupiter, Carioca and Bem-te-vi.[26]
[edit]Profitability
The discovery of large reserves in Santos increased its stock price by about 19% in one day. Petrobras is considered the most reliable Blue Chip of the Bovespa Stock Exchange.[citation needed] While the North American Crisis of 2007 decreased the value of the stocks of a great majority of stock markets in the world, Petrobras helped hold the Bovespa's activities steady, making it one of the least affected stock exchanges in the world by the crisis.[citation needed]
[edit]Investment grade
On 30 April 2008, Brazil received an "investment grade" rating from Standard & Poor's, given to countries with stable and consistent growing economy. According to Standard & Poor's, Brazil jumped from a BB+ grade to a BBB-, the minimum level any country needs to reach to receive the grade. Petrobras played a big part in the country's growth, and the high rating would be useful in attracting foreign investments.[citation needed]
Investors often criticize the company for not increasing gasoline prices in Brazil, in spite of increasing prices in the international market. The company is having problems adapting its business to the ethanol market.[citation needed]
[edit]Devaluation
After a great advance on its stock shares (reaching 52.30 Brazilian real (R$) in Ibovespa) in May 2008,[citation needed] Petrobras faced a devaluation in the following month, its shares decreasing to R$43.90 on 19 June 2008.[27][28][29] The most probable explanation for the great fall was the lack of information about the mega-fields recently discovered by the company.[citation needed] The great instability in Wall Street's markets also had great weight in those results.
Petrobras' fall also led to bad results on the entire BM&F Bovespa, as Petrobras and Vale accounts for more than 25% of BM&F Bovespa's trade value,[30] the devaluation of those companies' shares led it to lose more than 6,000 points in just 25 days.
However, with the continuous decrease of oil prices, Petrobras' stock shares fell to R$33,00 on 14 August 2008. Its market cap presented the biggest loss of value in the Americas,[citation needed] with US$93 billion (13 August 2008).
[edit]Milestones
Oil platform P-51, the first 100% Brazilian oil platform
On 19 December 2005, Petrobras announced a contract with the Japanese Nippon Alcohol Hanbai to launch a joint-venture. The project named Brazil-Japan Ethanol would import ethanol from Brazil, in a bid to develop an ethanol market in Japan.
On 21 April 2006, while on board the Petrobras P-50 oil rig, a floating production storage and offloading vessel, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva announced Brazil's self-sufficiency in petroleum,.
In November 2007, Petrobras announced a discovery of a major new oil field off the coast of Rio de Janeiro. The Tupi oil field in the Santos Basin had an estimated reserve of 5 billion to 8 billion barrels. The figure would put Tupi as the world's largest oil reserve since the discovery of Kashagan in Kazakhstan in 2000. The country's reserves would increase by 62 per cent, and Tupi's reserve would be on par with Norway’s 8.5 billion barrels of proven oil reserves .[31]
The Financial Times listed Petrobras as one of the world's 50 largest companies in 2007.[32]
On January 21, 2008, Petrobras announced the discovery of Jupiter, a huge oil field which could equal the Tupi oil field. It is located 37 km (23 mi) from Tupi, 5,100 m (16,730 ft) below the Atlantic Ocean, 290 km (180 mi) from Rio de Janeiro.[33]
On April 14, 2008, a second massive oil field was announced in the same region as the Tupi oil field with reserves estimated at 33 billion barrels of oil.[34]
On May 21, 2008, Petrobras announced the discovery of a third megafield, located on the coast of the State of São Paulo.
On May 19, 2009, Petrobras finalized a $10 billion loan from China in return for a ten years long supply of oil (150,000 barrels a day the first year, 200,000 barrels a day the nine others)[35]
[edit]List of recent oil field discoveries
From 2002-2005, Petrobras doubled its success rate at drilling new wells.[36]
Petrobras latest Oil Discoveries
Date Basin Field API gravity
April 18, 2006 Espirito Santo Golfinho 38[37]
July 11, 2006 Santos Tupi 30[38]
March 2, 2007 Campos Caxareu 30[39]
June 8, 2007 Espirito Santo Pirambu 29[40]
September 5, 2007 Santos Tupi 27[41]
September 10, 2007 Campos Xerelete 17[42]
September 20, 2007 Santos Tupi Sul 28[43]
December 21, 2007 Santos Caramba 27[44]
January 21, 2008 Santos Jupiter Huge Gas field[45]
May 21, 2008 Santos Bem-Te-Vi 36[46]
May 29, 2008 Santos Tiro 36[46]
June 12, 2008 Santos Guará 28[47]
July 14, 2008 Espirito Santo Golfinho 27[48]
August 20, 2008 Campos Aruanã 28[49]
September 26, 2008 Santos Sidon 36[50]
November 21, 2008 Espirito Santo Jubarte 30[51]
November 25, 2008 Jequitinhonha BM-J-3 ?[52]
January 26, 2009 Santos Piracucá ?[53]
April 8, 2009 Santos Corcovado-1 ?[54]
November 16, 2009 Campos Marimbá 29[55]
[edit]Mega-fields
The company's most important discoveries started at the end of 2007, when the first mega-field, named Tupi, was found at a depth of 5,000 meters below the sea level, the first discovery of the company in the pre-salt layer. The second discovery was announced on January 21, 2008: the new mega-field was named Jupiter and had the same size as Tupi.[56] The company revealed no more information about the field, forcing many investors to regard those facts as an "industrial secret".
On May 21, 2008, the company announced the discovery of a third oil megafield,[57] located 250 km distant from the state of São Paulo, at a depth between 6000 and 6300 meters below sea level. The discovery was made by a consortium formed by Petrobras (66% of participation), Shell (20%) and Galp Energia (14%). The field's oil reserves had an API gravity between 25 and 28.
[edit]Criticisms
According to the Brazilian economy website InfoMoney.com, North American stock companies are considering the oil mega-field discoveries suspicious. On May 24, 2008, the company's shares fell 4% because of the scarce information given by Petrobras about the fields.[58] (Portuguese)
An article written by Roberto Altenhofen Pires Pereira for InfoMoney.com said (translated from Portuguese):
Despite the incredible advance of 14% in Petrobras stock shares after the discovery of Tupi and Jupiter fields, the North American answer for the shares was the worst possible. Petrobras' ADR's — American Depositary Receipts — fell more than 4% in New York. It seems that the market is interpreting the discovery with mistrust.
(...) Everyone knows that the potential of the fields is huge, but that stills being only a "potential". No concrete information about the fields' capacity has been released at any time. These are only expectations, which still face a great technological challenge to the exploration of so deep deposits, which may even make this exploration unfeasible.
[59]
[edit]Reputation
By the end of 2003, Petrobras subscribed to the United Nations Global Compact, a voluntary agreement which encompasses a set of principles regarding human rights, working conditions and the environment.
The company's growth since 2006 has made Petrobras the most profitable company in the Brazilian economy, and gave it great importance worldwide, being recognized as the eighth biggest oil exploring company in the world.[60]
Since 2006 Petrobras has been listed in the Dow Jones Sustainability Index, an important reference index for environmentally and socially responsible investors.
On February 25, 2008, the Spanish consultancy firm Management and Excellence acknowledged Petrobras as the world's most sustainable oil company.[61]
The civil society named Transparency International, which fights against global corruption, published a list on April 28, 2008 containing the names of 42 companies with high transparency levels, in which Petrobras was included.[62]
In May 2008, World Trademark Review magazine awarded[63] the Petrobras trademark team with an Industry Award for Latin American Team of the Year, a category in which Petrobras competed with Coca-Cola, Pepsico, and Procter and Gamble.[64]
Available at any lunch counter or bar in Brazil Kibe, kibbeh, kibbe, kubbeh, kebbah, kubbi, or even quibe however you spell it this Arabic meatball is always delicious. While several versions of this dish exist this instructable will show you how to make a Brazilian style kibe (pronounced 'Key - Be...
